Abstract: Objective To explore the correlation between histological chorioamnionitis (HC) and brain injury in preterm infants. Methods Three hundred and forty-seven cases of infants at the gestational age of 28-31 weeks who were admitted to the neonatology department of our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into the HC group and the control group according to the pathological examination. Moreover, HC group was divided into FV group and non-FV group according to the pathological findings of fetal vasculitis (FV). Based on the findings of periodical ultrasonography, the incidences of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH), and the PVL+PVH-IVH were compared among groups. Results The incidences of PVL in the HC group and the control group were 17.9% and 10.3% respectively. The incidences of PVL+PVH-IVH in the two groups were 5.5% and 1.48% respectively, and the difference between two groups was significant (P<0.05). The incidences of PVH-IVH in the two groups were 28.9% and 26.2% respectively, and the difference between two groups was not significant (P>0.05). In the HC group, the incidences of PVL in FV group and non-FV group were 28.1% and 9.87% respectively, and the difference between two groups was significant (P<0.05). The incidences of PVH-IVH in FV group and non-FV group were 34.3% and 24.7% respectively, and the difference between two groups was not significant (P>0.05). The incidences of PVL+PVH-IVH in FV group and non-FV group were 7.81% and 3.70% respectively, and the difference between the two groups was not have significant (P>0.05). Conclusions HC may increase the ncidences of PVL and PVL+PVH-IVH in the preterm infants, while its effect is minimal on PVH-IVH. FV could increase the incidence of brain injury in preterm infants.